How Can I Tell if I Am Born Again?

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Vocabulary: Ecology and environment. Problems of large cities.

Grammar: Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Содержание темы

1. Types of Conditionals.
2. Mixed Conditionals.
3. Other tenses in conditional sentences.
4. The Subjunctive.
5. Nowadays and past reference with 'I wish', 'if only' and 'it's (high) time'.
6. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only.
7. 'Would' and 'could' afterwards 'I wish' and 'if only'.
8. 'Information technology's (high) fourth dimension' and 'Information technology'due south (about) fourth dimension'.
9. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'.
10. Expressing preferences nearly other people'southward actions.
11. 'I'd rather.

Grammar

Conditionals, If-sentences, The Subjunctive.

Type I Настоящее время	If-придаточое прдложение (hypothesis) + Presen Tenses	Future/Imperatie/tin can/may/might/must/should + Инфинитив без to
	if + любая форма настоящего времени (Present S., Present Cont. or Present Pert.)
	If you finish work early on, nosotros'll go for a walk.
	If the weather is nice, we'll become swimming.
		Действия, которые совершаться в настоящем или будущем времени
	If you have finished your java, we can pay the beak.
	If you're sick, see a dr.! If you lot burn yourself, it hurts.
Type II Не реальные действия для настоящего или будущего	If + Past Simple or Past Continuous	would/could/might + bare infinitive
	If I had money, I would travel round the world. (just I don't have coin - untrue in the nowadays)
	If I were a bird, I could fly.
		Нереальные, которые не совершатся. Для настоящего или будущего времени.
	If I were y'all, I would take an umbrella, (advice)
Type III Не реальные действия для прошедшего времени	If + By Perfect or By Perfect Continuous	would/could/might + accept + past participle
	If we hadn't left so early on, we would have missed the plane.
	If I had been invited, I would accept gone to the party.
	If you had told me before about your issues, I would have helped you , but now information technology's likewise tardily.	Нереальные, которые не совершились. Для прошедшего времени.
	If the weather hadn't been then nasty yesterday, we would non have stayed at home all day long.

Expressions

Conditionals are usually introduced by IF; the post-obit expressions tin be uses in stead of IF: providing,  provided (that), as long as, in case, on status (that), but for (=without), otherwise, or else, what if, supposing, fifty-fifty if, simply if, unless.

2.i If only : This adds emphasis to hypothetical situations. With past events it adds a sense of regret. The 2nd part of the judgement is ofttimes left out.

If only  I had plenty time!

If merely  I hadn 't drunk too much, this wouldn 't take happened!

2.2 Unless and other alternatives

Unless simply if not.  Not all negative IF-sentences can be transformed into unless  sentences.

If he wasn 't told  by Jane, he couldn 't have known .

Unless he was told  by Jane, he couldn 't have known , (tin can be inverse)

If Mr Smith doesn 't come back , he 'II telephone  you lot. (cannot be changed)

If one situation depends on another, it can exist replaced by as/and then long as, provided  or only if .

2.three Only if combines with other time expressions and is used with past simple

Only subsequently posting the alphabetic character did  I think that I had forgotten to put on a postage stamp. (inversion)

I'll do  what y'all say provided the police are non  informed.

ii.4 Even if describes how something volition happen whatever the condition.

Fifty-fifty if information technology rains , nosotros'll nonetheless go  for a picnic.

two.5 But for him , I wouldn't have been able to survive. (If he hadn't helped me…)

ii.6 Supposing information technology rains, volition you still get for a picnic?

2.vii What if  it rains,  will you go for a walk?

2.8 We  tin can omit "if", when should, were and  had come before the bailiwick.

Should, come up , tell him to wait for me.

Were you, I would speak to her. known , he would have told us.

four. Other tenses in conditional sentences

4.1 Going to Going to  can supplant will.

If yous fall, yous  're going to  hurt yourself.

If y'all  're going to  make trouble, we 'II call the police.

4.2 Present perfect This can be used to emphasis completion later on if.

If you' ve finished , then we'll become. Information technology is as well possible in both parts of the sentence.

If I've  told you  one time, I've told  y'all a hundred times!

4.3 Doubt and uncertainty

An additional not  can be added in formal expressions involving doubt. This emphasizes the uncertainty and does not add a negative pregnant.

I wouldn 't be surprised if it didn 't rain.  (I think information technology will rain.)

iv.four Should

if,  this makes the possibility of an issue seem unlikely.

If you should  see Ann, could  you enquire her to call me?

This implies that I do non expect y'all to see Ann.

iv.five Were to This besides makes an event seem more hypothetical.

If I were to ask  you to marry me, what would you say?

iv.6 Happen to

This emphasizes risk possibilities. It is often used with should.

If yous  happen to  see Helen, could you ask her to call me?

If you  should happen to be passing,  drop in for a cup of tea.

4.7 If information technology were non for/If it hadn 't been for

This describes how ane event depends on some other.

If it  weren  't for Jim, this company would exist in a mess.

If information technology  hadn 't  been for  their goalkeeper, United would have lost.

4.8 Will and would :  politeness and emphasis These can be used as polite forms.

If you  will/would await  here, I'll see if Mrs Dark-green is free.

Will  can also exist used for accent, meaning 'insist on doing'.

If you volition stay out late, no wonder you are tired! (insist on staying)

iv.9 If and adjectives

In expressions such as if it is necessary/possible  it is possible to omit the verb be. If interested,  apply within.  If necessary,  take a taxi.

4.10  Formally if can mean although ,  usually as if + adjective.

The room was well-furnished, if a little  badly decorated.

5.ane Subjunctive sentences: Bailiwick + VERB + THAT + SUBJECT +  INF. without to

  John's female parent insisted that he  return  home early.

5.2. Subjunctive  обозначает особую группу глагольных временных форм (типа pres . — be ; past  — were for all persons  — для глагола to be  или infinitive without to  — для других глаголов), используемых для описания событий, которые вряд ли когда-либо будут иметь место, но которые являются предметом наших надежд, мечтаний, желаний.

5.three The Present Subjunctive

The Present Subjunctive is used afterwards
Verbs	Impersonal expressions
Indicating that one person wants another one to exercise something
Suggest, gild, demand, ask, require, recommend, command, propose, insist, suggest	It is  necessary, important, proposed, recommended, suggested
He suggested that she go  there. He suggested that they should go there.	It is suggested that she go  there

5.4 Annotation the difference:

British variant:  I insist that y'all should leave  without her.

   Information technology is recommended that you should publish  your book.

American variant:   I insist that you exit  without her.

   Information technology is recommended that you publish  your book

five.v The Past Subjunctive  prefers to apply were  instead of was.

She behaves as if she were  / was a queen.

I wish it were true

6. Present and by reference with 'I wish', 'if but' and 'it's (high) fourth dimension'

(I) wish, if only. it's (high) time and it'due south (almost) time,  we 'go one tense back':

1 The past tense refers to the nowadays: I wish I had  a better watch!  (Now)

2 The past perfect tense refers to the past: If merely yous had asked  me first!  (THEN)

7. Expressing wishes and regrets with 'I wish' and 'if only

7.1 We oft use I wish  for things that might (still) happen:

I wish I knew  the reply!  (= it's possible I might notice out the reply)

If only  is stronger. We utilize it to express regret for things that tin (now) never happen:

If only your mother were  alive now!  (Of course, / wish  is also possible.)

7.2 We may use the simple past of be  after wish  and if just

I wish I was  on vacation now.  If only Tessa was  here at present!

If we want to be more formal, nosotros employ were  in all persons

I wish I were  on holiday at present.  If merely Tessa were  here!

7.three We may use the past perfect of be  for things that can never happen:

I wish I had been  on holiday final week.  If only Tessa had been  here yesterday!

vii.iv Nosotros use the by or past perfect forms of other verbs:

I wish I knew  the answer to your question.

I wish I had known  and so what I know at present!

8. 'Would' and 'could' after 'I wish' and 'if merely'

We must use could,  not would,  after /and nosotros.  Compare:

I tin't swim.                           → I wish I could  swim.

Nosotros weren't together!              → I wish nosotros could have been together

We sometimes utilize / wish you (he. she.  etc.) would(n't)  like an imperative:

(I am making a lot of noise!)  → I wish you wouldn't make so much noise!

(He is making a lot of noise!)  → I wish he would be  tranquillity!

9. 'It's (loftier) time' and 'It'southward (about) fourth dimension'

We utilise It'due south time, It's loftier fourth dimension  and information technology'southward virtually time  to express present or future wishes, or to express our impatience almost things that oasis't happened however:

Kim can't even eddy an egg. - I know.

It's fourth dimension/high time/most time she learnt to melt!

10. Expressing personal preference with 'I'd rather/ I'd sooner'

We use would rather and would sooner to express preference.

We tin can refer to the present or the future:

I'd rather/I'd sooner exist a builder than an architect.

Or we can refer to the past:

If I could choose again, I'd rather/sooner have been  a architect than an architect.

xi. Expressing preferences most other people's actions

xi.1 We can refer to other people after I'd rather or I'd sooner.

I'd rather leave  on an before train.  (= I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather Jack left on an before train. ( I want him to leave)

11.2 Nosotros employ the past tense form after I'd rather to  refer to the present or futurity.

I'd rather exist  happy.  I'd rather non sit next to her. (=  for myself)

I'd rather she were/was  happy. (= at present)

I'd rather she didn't sit down  next to me. (= now)

eleven.3 We apply the by perfect form after I'd rather to  refer to past time.

I'd rather have been  present. (=  and then - I'm referring to myself)

I'd rather yous had been  present,  (then)

I'd rather y'all hadn't told me  about it.  (and so)

12. 'I'd rather he didn't'

We mostly omit the main part of the verb in short responses:

12.1 negative responses:

Frank is going to buy  a motorcycle. - I'd rather  he didn't.

I′ve told  everyone about it.   - I'd rather  you hadn't.

12.2 affirmative responses:

Frank won't surrender  his nowadays task. - I'd rather  he did.

I haven't told  anyone nearly information technology. - I'd rather  you had.

12.3 Nosotros do non accept to repeat the chief verb in a consummate sentence:

You lot always go  without me and I'd rather  you didn't.

Vocabulary

Ecology and surroundings. Problems of big cities.

Study the important vocabulary:

i. The atmospheric condition:

Cold weather: the chilly days of autumn, common cold days of winter, frosts, icy roads, sleet pelting and snow, severe blizzards, snowdrifts, freezing weather condition, the footing thaws, ice melts.

Warm/hot weather: shut, stifling, humid, scorching, boiling, mild, heatwave

Wet atmospheric condition: damp, drizzle, shower, pour down / downpour, storm, thunderstorm, torrential pelting, flood; haze/hazy, mist/misty, fog/foggy, smog

Current of air: gentle breeze, good air current, blustery solar day, gale warning, hurricane

2. The Natural Globe:

Animals: species, reptile, dinosaur, bird, fish, gills, mammal, nest, wing, tail, claws, paw, hoof; Flowers and trees: pollen, leaves, branch, trunk, roots, bark; Names of trees: oak, fir, evergreen pine, birch; Verbs: to flower/flower, extinct, hibernate, thrive, pick flowers, found, fertilize, harvest crops.

iii. The surround:

Brook, stream, river; hillock, loma, mountain; cove, bay, gulf; copse, wood, wood;   puddle, pond, lake; footpath, lane, road

Where land meets sea: coast, shore, beach, estuary, cliff, cape,  peninsula;

Words continued with rivers: source, tributary, waterfall, mouth, valley, gorge; Words continued with mountains:  foot, ridge, peak, acme, glacier;

four. Environmental problems:

air, river and sea pollution; overfishing, the greenhouse effect, the destruction of the ozone layer, the destruction of the rainforests, bombardment farming, waste disposal, rubbish, re-cycling

Nosotros should:  avoid spray cans, practice organic farming, use unleaded petrol, recycle paper and bottle banks

Problems: overpopulation, unemployment , famine, ignorance, diseases

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

Grammer

ane. I finished digging in one-half an hour only I felt every bit if I ____ for hours.

1. worked
2. had worked
3. piece of work
4. have worked

2. It's  fourth dimension we ____ our parents. Nosotros ____ them for ____ long time.

1. visited, haven't visited, such
2. take visited, didn't run into, then
3. had visited, hadn't seen, a very
4. visited, haven't seen, such a

3. If I had known that he needed money, I ____ him some. I had ____ dollars to spare.

1. would have borrowed, some
2. might give, few
3. would requite, a niggling
4. would accept lent, a few

4. His gesture ____ impatience. He looked every bit if he ____ for hours.

1. indicated, is waiting
2. offered, had waited
3. suggested, had been waiting
4. showed, waited

5. He had written his accost down the last morning, she remembered, and said that if she ____ to Paris he ____ happy to meet her once again.

1. had e'er come up, will feel
2. comes, volition be
3. would come, may be
4. e'er came, would exist

6. Minnie had a souvenir for mathematics and probably could get ____ teaching in the department if she ____ information technology upon graduation.

1. a job, wanted
2. work, will have wanted
3. job, wished
4. a position, wants

vii. He stood stiff and impotent with acrimony. She stared into the mirror as if he ____.

1. doesn't exist
2. didn't exist
3. hadn't existed
4.  won't be

8. If but we ____ a phone! I'k tired of queueing exterior the public phone box.

1. had had
2. had
3. take had
4. can have

9. He said that if the war ____ he would have to go out the country at in one case.

1. breaks out
2. broken out
3. bankrupt out
4. will break out

10. And then he said: "If this homo ____, the whole dirty story volition come out, and I don't want information technology ____ ."

1. will be arrested, come out
2. is arrested, to come out
3. will arrest, coming out
4. is beingness arrested, to come out

xi. "At that place are ____ institutions, of grade, but it'south non very piece of cake to get into them unless you ____ influential friends."

1. charitable, haven't got
2. charity's, have got
3. charity, don't have
4. charity, have

12. "If zilch ____ , said she, beaming at them, we shall exist dorsum in England for ____ Christmas."

1. will happen, -
2. happened, a
3. happens, -
4. will take happened, the

13. At ____ dawn she looked weak and pale, as though she ____ upwards all nighttime.

1. - , had been
2. the, were
3. a, was
4. - , has been

14. They all acted as if they ____ at a family reunion, every bit if they ____ each other in years.

1. had been, didn't run into
2. were, hadn't seen
3. were, haven't seen
4. have been, hadn't seen

15. I realized that if they ____ their heads, they ____ my pale confront looking at them over the pile of suitcases.

1. had turned, can see
2. turned, would exist able to see
3. will plough, will come across
4. have turned, would see

16. "I take some work that ____ exist finished before I ____ on my holiday."

1. would, will go away
2. ought, am away
3. should, volition become away
4. must, get abroad

17. If Martin ____ her ____ that style he ____ take taken offence.

1. hears, speaking, can
2. had heard, speak, would
3. heard, to speak, might
4. had heard, speak, must

18. They took intendance of her as though they ____ her parents.

1. are
2. were
3. had been
4. take been

19. I ____ to help if I ____ I would be any use.

1. would suggest, thought
2. will advise, could have thought
3. might advise, could think
4. would offering, thought

20. It was long ____ I had final seen her and if someone had not mentioned her name I ____ her.

1. since, mustn't have recognized
2. from, shouldn't recognize
3. since, wouldn't take recognized
4. while, couldn't have recognized

21. It'due south high fourth dimension you ____ in ____ bed too, my child.

1. are, -
2. must be, the
3. were, -
4. should be, a

22. If I hadn't been there something very unpleasant ____ to him.

1. could happen
2. might have happened
3. was to happen
4. must have happened

23. If he ____ at in one case he might have saved us a lot of trouble.

1. were sent for
2. is sent for
3. had been sent for
4. will be sent for

24. I could not imagine ____ wishing to spend three months there; unless information technology ____ somebody who wanted to hide.

1. none, was
2. someone, was non
3. people, were non
4. anyone, was

25. He looked at me every bit if he ____ what they had on their minds.

1. is wondering
2. has been wondering
3. were wondering
4. had been wondered

26. I wished that Thomas ____ me at that place.

1. has not brought
2. had not brought
3. does not bring
4. was not brought

27. "Just we ____ in conference for two hours," he said. "Information technology's high time ____ a tea break."

1. are, having had
2. were, we take
3. have been being, to accept
4. accept been, we had

28. If John ____ to see a dentist, let him ____ toothache.

1. is refusing, to endure
2. refuses, suffer
3. refused, suffering
4. will refuse, suffering

29. "You lot had ameliorate ____ dwelling. Y'all're likely to go into trouble if you ____ here."

1. become, stay
2. to go, have stayed
3. hurry, volition stay
4. to bustle, are staying

30. If we ____ waterproof coats it ____ pleasant enough to bulldoze in that leap rain.

1. had had, would have been
2. accept had, would be
3. shall have, is
4. are having, will exist

31. He wondered a little ruefully just what Dad ____ if he ____ almost his relations with Jan.

1. would say, knew
2. might say, had known
3. would have said, learns
4. should say, has learned

32. And then he saw that Doreen ____ , and he felt as though someone ____ him in the stomach.

1. was crying, has kicked
2. had been cried, kicked
3. had been crying, had kicked
4. cried, had been kicked

33. She scarcely seemed ____ what they were saying. It was equally though it ____ her.

1. hearing, did not concern
2. to hear, did not concern
3. listening, was not concerning
4. to sympathize, had not concerned

34. She remembered every bit though it ____ only yesterday the kickoff time she ____ them.

1. were, was meeting
2. was, has met
3. has been, met
4. had been, had met

1) volition be, are ... discussing

2) were, were ... discussing

iii) has been, would ... talk over

four) was, will... discuss

36. If you    away with him, go at once, only don't ask me   him.

1) volition go, to run into

2) will be going, to have met

3) are going, to meet

four) have gone, to exist meeting

37. I'grand not a poet. But if I   poems I   dedicate them to you.

1) would, volition

2) tin can, shall

iii) could, would

4) can, would

38. If I   you lot so, what   y'all have done?

1) didn't help, would

ii) hadn't helped, would

3) didn't, volition

4) haven't helped, will

39. I wish I       poet to describe it to y'all.

1) were, a

ii) am, a

3) had been, the

4) was, the

40. I'm tired. Information technology'due south high fourth dimension you   and me in peace.

i) go, get out

2) have gone, take left

3) would have gone, get out

iv) went, left

41. Why  that pie last nighttime? I wish I   that pie last night.

one) did I eat, had eaten

two) did I eat, hadn't eaten

3) accept I eaten, hadn't eaten

4) did I eat, didn't eat

42. If she   he was going to be angry virtually it, she   that.

i) knew, won't do

2) knows, wouldn't do

3) had known, wouldn't have done

iv) would know, have done

43. You wouldn't be so tired today if yous   to bed when I told you lot to. Something should be done to help you.

44. If you     your medicine yesterday, you lot   today.

1) had taken, would be well

2) took, would be amend

three) accept, volition be good

iv) have taken, would take been well

45. If he   such bad writing, I   these letters.

ane) didn't have, tin can have read

ii) didn't take, could read

three) hadn't had, can read

four) didn't take, could have read

46. Why didn't I enquire her out? If only I   her out! Everything   .

ane) enquire, volition change

2) asked, would alter

3) had asked, would have changed

4) would inquire, had changed

47. If I    overseas instead of him, I   something and   somebody.

1) would become, earnt, were

2) would have gone, have learnt, been

3) had gone, might have learnt, been

4) went, may learn, be

48. If she   with him at this moment, the incertitude and loneliness   evaporate. But he was alone.

ane) was, will

2) were, would

3) have been, would

4) had been, would have

52. I shall get in that location provided y'all   to back-trail me. It's high time you ____  rything.

i) would consent, are knowing

2) volition consent, take known

3) would take consented, know

4) consent, knew

53. If he   your remark, he     offence. And what's more, I've only told yous that talking mends no holes.

one) had heard, would take

2) heard, would take

3) have heard, would have taken

iv) had heard, would have taken

54. He speaks equally if he   the bailiwick very well.

ane) had known

2) is knowing

3) has known

four) knew

1) were, would have checked

two) were, would bank check

3) am, will check

4) had been, would bank check

56. If I a spare ticket tonight I  you to the concert.

1) will have, will take

two) had, would accept

3) will accept had, can take

four) had had, could have

57. If the snake bite   poisonous, you   very bad now.

one) was, will feel

2) had been, are feeling

3) were, would accept felt

4) had been, would feel

58. If she      some lessons, she   her performance.

1) can have, might better

two) could have, might amend

three) could accept had, may improve

iv) could take, might to improve

ane) volition plough away, being

2) volition be turning from, accept been

3) turn down, be

4) have turned against, to be

1) If had he been, would take accompanied, might not have identify

two) Had he been, would have accompanied, might not accept taken place

iii) Had he been, would back-trail, might not accept taken place

4) If he had been, would back-trail, might non take place

61. If they   here, I   so glad, as they  everything to me.

1) would be, were, would explain

2) were, should be, explained

iii) would be, were, explained

four) were, should be, would explain

62. If that you   he  very glad.

1) I had told him, would come, would accept been

two) had I told him, would come, had been

iii) I told him, would have come up, would take been

4) I should tell him, would come, had been

63. If you united states of america then, all the differences might .

64. If you lot Dr. Smith before, you sick now.

1) consult, will be

ii) didn't consult, tin be

iii) had consulted, wouldn't be

4) have consulted, won't be

65. If we the question at that coming together, our demands .

1) had raised, would accept been met

2) raised, would meet

iii) rising, would be met

4) have raised, won't be met

66. If it dark, we our way.

1) is, would take lost

2) hadn' t been, might not have lost

iii) wasn't, can have lost

4) were, will lose

67. I wish you rude remarks about me.

2) are not making

three) wouldn't make

iv) hadn't made

68. He looked at his sister as if he annihilation like her.

i) didn't ever seen

ii) has never seen

3) tin't encounter

4) had never seen

69. The exams . It'south time we downward to piece of work.

1) are coming, got

2) come, become

3) will come, are getting

4) have come up, are

seventy. I wish more people in the role your sense of humour, Jack.

1) have

ii) tin can have

iii) volition have

iv) had

Vocabulary

one. Find the right word.

1. During the storm, the climbers sheltered in a cave/cliff/valley.
2. The fields were flooded after the river outburst its banks/edges/sides.
3. In the middle of the foursquare there is an old fountain/source/tap.
4. Afterward the pelting the street was full of floods/lakes/puddles.
5. A small river/stream/torrent  runs beyond the bottom of our garden.
6. You must carry a lot of water when you cross the desert/obviously/sand.
7. From the peak/meridian/top  of the hill you tin see the sea.
8. It was difficult to swim considering the waters/waves/tides  were and so high.
9. I retrieve it's going to rain. It's very clouded/clouding/cloudy.
10.  The church building caught fire when information technology was struck by hurricane/lightning/thunder.

ii. Choose the correct variant:

1. Many people are interested in watching............

one) wild animals    2) wilds    iii) wilderness

2.The dog.........its tail furiously when it saw the children.

ane) shook    2) wagged    three) moved

3. A large.........of the tree broke off in the tempest.

1) body    2) bawl    three) co-operative

4. The children enjoyed rolling down the grassy............

one) mount    2) cliff   3) slope

five. There was field subsequently field of gold..........waving in the wind.

1) corn    2) bushes    three) herbs

half dozen. You have to sleep under a net to avert beingness bitten by...........

1) lobsters   two) cockroaches    three) mosquitoes

seven. Before railways were built, many goods were carried on..........

1) channels    2) canals    three) river.

eight. Some wild animals will become.........if they get used to people.

ane) tame    2) organised    three) petty

3. Put the right give-and-take in each space:

1. We collect honey from our own bee.....................
2. There'due south a rabbit....................in the corner of this field.
3. There'south a drinking....................on the other side of the park.
4. The hill....................was covered in beautiful wild flowers.
5. What's the weather....................for tomorrow?
6. You tin can see the mountain....................amid the clouds in the distance.

4. Cull the right respond:

1. There has been another increment/rising  in the amount of crime.
2. The railroad train was in accident/standoff  with a bus on a level crossing.
3. Many people were injured when the building demolished/collapsed.
4. No ships are sailing today because of the loftier/storm  winds.
5. The regime has appear plans to help the poor/poverty.
6. Anybody agrees that the environment/nature  must be protected.
7. In that location are few jobs here and many people are away from work/unemployed.
8. The commuter of the bus admitted that he had washed/made  an error.
9. There was a large sit-in/manifestation  against nuclear ability.

5. Put the right discussion in each space:

1. Food has been sent to areas in Africa suffering from........................
2. Many people live in overcrowded.......................on the edge of the city.
3. The cost of.......................has risen steadily this year.
4. Thousands of buildings vicious down during a astringent........................
5. The eruption of the volcano was a terrible........................
6. Hundreds of people were drowned during the.......................in China.
7. Large cities face the problem of what to do with household........................
8. Doctors announced that in that location was now a cure for the........................

TEXT

Radar

On May 7th, 1915, during the Outset Earth War (1914-1918), a large British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was sailing in perfect weather condition from America to England, with two thousand people on board. All of a sudden, at about half by two in the afternoon, there were 2 fearful explosions. The ship shook from end to end, and many people were thrown off their feet. A German submarine had fired at the Lusitania and diddled two holes in her bottom. The sea rushed into her engine-rooms, and well-nigh immediately the ship began to sink.

She sank in only twenty minutes; and nigh chiliad people lost their lives.

The captain could not see the submarine that attacked his send, and he had no instrument to bear witness him the danger. At present the danger of surprise attacks against ships and collisions with icebergs is profoundly reduced by radar. This radio instrument finds the position and altitude of objects which the human being centre may not be able to encounter; information technology besides records the direction and speed of moving objects, such as ships and aeroplanes. Radar can pick out objects more than a hundred miles away in the worst weather conditions, when nosotros can see perchance no farther than a hundred yards.

Radar works in this way. Powerful transmitters ship out a stream of radio-waves, called "pulses", at the rate of perhaps ane k every second. These pulses shoot through the air at a speed of one hundred and fourscore-six thousand miles a second till they hit an object, perhaps a ship, an aeroplane, an iceberg or a hill. These pulses cannot become through the object; and so they immediately shoot back at the same speed, in the opposite management, and hitting the aeriform of the radar. The moment this happens, a spot or line of light appears on the radar screen, showing the position and altitude of the object.

Today radar is used for many peaceful purposes all over the world. Modernistic ships of all nations comport radar to assist them sail in bad weather condition, when it is possible to see for a distance of perhaps only a few hundred yards. In the past, the captain usually had to anchor his ship at such times and wait for conditions to improve. But today a ship with radar can sail in almost any weather conditions, with no danger of an accident.

Radar also helps to guide aeroplanes beyond the earth. Radio signals called beams are transmitted into the heaven from state radio stations at a number of points forth their course. The pilots can hear these signals on their radio and see them on their radar screen. The beams arg like sign-posts in the sky. A pilot guides his aeroplane towards one axle, and then flies on to the next beam. At the end of his journey, he will state his aeroplane with the help of radar.

Trained men at the airport sentry the aeroplane on their radar screen and tell the pilot by radio the course to follow, they tell him when and by how much to reduce height, and requite any other orders that may exist necessary.

(Discussion count 539)

Answer the questions to text

1. The Lusitania was wrecked because

1) she was overloaded with two one thousand people aboard

2) of the fearful explosion of some substance she carried on lath

3) she got sudden gaps in her bottom

4) she carried out armed forces operations during the First World War

2. Which of the following observations reflects the main idea of the text best of all?

1) Radar is one of the vitally important discoveries of the 20th century

2) Radar could accept prevented the catastrophy of the Lusitania

3) To be able to use radar one should know in item how it works

4) Radar is widely used in aviation and sailing

3. Radar is very helpful in

1) forecasting conditions conditions.

two) hitting various objects, such as ships, aeroplanes, icebergs, hills.

3) recording the direction and speed of moving objects over a hundred miles abroad.

four) sending out radio-waves to transmit information.

4. Which of the following statements is not true?

i) At present the danger of surprise attacks against ships is eliminated by radar.

two) Before the invention of radar sailing must have taken a longer fourth dimension than now.

3) Ships all over the world began to carry radar not earlier the invention of the

radio.

four) Radar is used for spotting afar objects.

5. It follows from the text that

1) the passengers of the Lusitania died in the blow.

2) radar is used simply in bad weather atmospheric condition, when we can see peradventure no

farther than a hundred yards.

3) the radar upshot would exist impossible if the pulses were not reflected by the

target objects.

4) anyone tin guide aeroplanes with the help of radar.

Раздел: Задания для самостоятельной работы

ТЕСТ

I. Выберите единственный правильный вариант из предложенных для заполнения пропуска.

1. The chairman proposed that the matter  _____  at the side by side meeting.

one) exist decided

2) should make up one's mind

3) to exist decided

iv) will be decided

2. If y'all  _____  this volume yous  _____  to supersede it.

1) will lose, will have

2) lose, will take

iii) had lost, must

four) volition lose, volition need

3. We insist that a meeting _____ equally shortly as possible.

one) to exist held

two) should be held

3) will exist held

4) to concur

4. If Alison ____ another half hour'southward work, she ____ it by the time the children get dwelling.

i) has washed; finished

2) would practice; would take finished

3) does; will have finished

4) did; finishes

5. If y'all  _____  more than 10 books we  _____  the cost of each book by 10%.

1) buy, will reduce

two) will buy, reduce

iii) will purchase, will reduce

4) take bought, reduced

6. Alison was very surprised and recommended that we ____ all the papers carefully.

1) will bank check

two) are checking

three) might check

four) should check

7. If I ____ a pay rise, I'chiliad going to purchase a new car.

one) will get

2) got

three) get

4) would get

viii. Mary-Ann recommended that I _____ careful, and warned not to open the door without asking who it was.

one) need to be

two) was to be

three) will be

4) be

9. I was a trifle taken aback, for my cousin spoke as though he _____ me earlier and I was afraid my friends would think and then.

ane) never saw

ii) has been seen

3) would have never seen

4) had never seen

x. Henry took her hand and said, looking in her eyes: "I'd rather you ____ anyone near  our conversation."

1) tell

2) won't tell

3) didn't tell

four) don't tell

11. I wish yous ____ me earlier that you tin can't come to dinner this evening.

1) tell

2) told

3) had told

4) had been told

12. The children rose  _____  subsequently the poor meal, as if they  _____  at all.

1) hungry, did not eat

2) hungrily, had not eaten

iii) feeling hungry, accept not eaten

4) hungry, had not eaten

13. "Information technology's high fourth dimension you ____ to await after yourself," Alison demanded.

1) learned

ii) learn

3) had learned

4) accept learned

14. It's time that team ____ a match. They haven't won a match for ages.

i) has won

2) wins

3) won

4) will win

xv. I was as awkward and shy with her every bit if I  _____  poor Henry.

i) had wounded

2) wounded

3) were wounded

4) had been wounded

Рекомендуемая литература

1. English Grammat in Utilise, Raymond Tater, Cambridge University Press, 1997

(pp 74-81)

1. Advanced Grammar in Utilize, Martin Hewings, Cambridge University Press, 2000

( рр  198-207)

1. Tests, Texts and Topics for your English language Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 55-57)
2. The Heinemann English Grammar, Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, Heintmann, 1992 ( рр  111-120)
3. Revising, Reading and Reasoning for your English Exams, Ю . Б . Кузьменкова , А . Р . Жаворонкова , И . В . Извольская , Издательство " Титул », 2002 (pp 71-76)

Гости не могут комментировать

huberregiand.blogspot.com

Source: https://englishon.ru/grammatika/266-conditionals-if-sentences-the-subjunctive.html

Share this post